concerto (It.). Concert, concerted performance. A work in which a solo instr(s). is contrasted and blended with the orch. Earliest publication using name ‘concerto’ is Concerti di Andrea et di Gio. Gabrieli (Venice, 1587). Viadana's Cento Concerti ecclesiastici, comp. in the 1590s, developed into church concs. (concerti da chiesa) and there were also in the 17th cent. vocal concerti da camera (chamber concs.) which were adapted as purely instr. works by Torelli. Monteverdi's Book 7 of madrigals is called Concerto. From Torelli came the concerto grosso as comp. by Corelli and Handel. But the conc. for an individual player as opposed to a concertino group was developed by J. S. Bach in his hpd. concs., but note that his Italian Concerto is written for a single performer (though the effect of contrast is supplied by the effective use of the 2 manuals). Handel's organ concs. were also an important development, he being among the first to provide a cadenza in which the soloist could display his skill by extemporization. Mozart est. the style of the modern instr. conc., composing nearly 50 for various instr. combinations. Concs. are usually in 3 movts., but there are many exceptions. A significant change since the 19th cent. has been for the composer to write out the cadenzas and sometimes (e.g. Elgar's vn. conc.) to acc. them with the orch. Thus the conc. has grown according to the increasing virtuosity of soloists. See also concerto for orchestra.